The late origin of the geological formation of Palestine and Syria precludes the possibility of gold being found in any quantities (see METALS), so that the large quantities of gold used by the children of Israel in constructing their holy places was not the product of mines in the country, but was from the spoil taken from the inhabitants of ...Gold is an effective medicine for controlling some types of arthritis and related diseases. In some people it helps relieve joint pain and stiffness reduce swelling and bone damage and reduce the chance of joint deformity and disability. If your arthritis improves with gold treatment you may be able to resume many or all of your normal daily ...Gold will gain heat at about 7 times the rate that aluminum does, which is why aluminum foil is a much better thing to wrap a turkey in before you pop it in the oven. This is a good thing as if we had to wrap our food in gold foil, we’d probably starve due to the costs of the gold.The number of karats represents the ratio of gold to other metals in an alloy. Pure gold is 24K gold, so one karat is one part of 24. This means that 18K gold is 18 parts pure gold and 6 parts other metals. And therefore, it is 75% gold and 25% other metals. This sounds simple enough, but it can get pretty confusing when different countries ...Getty. Contrary to popular opinion, gold and silver are not hedges against a crisis. In fact, a crisis may cause all salable assets, including precious metals, to be sold in order to get cash. At ...Quartz. •••. Gold is most often found in quartz rock. When quartz is found in gold bearings areas, it is possible that gold will be found as well. Quartz may be found as small stones in river beds or in large seams in hillsides. The white color of quartz makes it easy to spot in many environments.The native elements contain the most gold, followed by the sulfide minerals. Several gold tellurides are known, but no gold selenides have been reported, and only one sulfide, the telluride-sulfide mineral nagyagite, ii:; known. The nonmetallic minerals carry the least gold, and the light-colored minerals generally contain less goldToronto food writer Corey Mintz finds the gold-eating trend an act of inexcusable opulence. “Eating gold is the absolute height of tastelessness,” Mintz says. “If you find yourself eating ...Gold Prices Today - Live Chart. Dow to Silver Ratio. Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart. Gold Prices vs Oil Prices. Gold Prices and U.S Dollar Correlation. Gold Price - Last 10 Years. Dow to Gold Ratio. Gold to Oil Ratio. S&P 500 to Gold Ratio.Sep 5, 2023 · Track the current Gold price with the APMEX Gold price chart. The current Gold spot price is a click away. View the spot price of Gold and plan your purchase today. (i) Gold does not corrode or rust while silver and copper do, which would reduce reflectance (by the way this happens before takeoff) and (ii) it’s a lot easier to work with gold than aluminum. The outer sun visor is made from polycarbonate plastic and coated with a thin layer of gold. This combination gives complete protection to the astronaut.Since gold does not tarnish or corrode quickly, it works as a great electrical conductor. As a result, many technology manufacturers use gold in their devices. You will find gold in your computer, global positioning system, smartphone, and television. For example, each cellphone contains almost $2 worth of gold. Gold is Extremely MalleableGold can be colored by creating surface oxide layers. Because gold does not oxidize in its pure form, base metals have to be added to create blue, brown, and black gold. The "Hearts" collection, in blue gold, is by Ludwig Muller of Switzerland. Crosses of black gold may be colored in different ways, as shown above.Currently, Australia is the third biggest gold-digger… we mean, gold producer in the world, sailing out about $5 billion worth of the yellow treasure every year! Gold has a positive correlation with AUD/USD. When gold goes up, AUD/USD tends to go up. When gold goes down, AUD/USD tends to go down. Historically, AUD/USD has had a whopping 80% ...Conversion : 1 gram = 0.0321507466 troy ounces. Displaying 1 - 47 of 47. 1 Day Gold Price per Gram in US Dollars. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Our Euros. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Arab Emirates Dirham. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Argentinian Pesos. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Australian Dollars.Gold can be colored by creating surface oxide layers. Because gold does not oxidize in its pure form, base metals have to be added to create blue, brown, and black gold. The "Hearts" collection, in blue gold, is by Ludwig Muller of Switzerland. Crosses of black gold may be colored in different ways, as shown above.The gold value per gram calculator will allow you to determine the price of gold per gram. Simply enter the total number of gold grams and/or kilograms into the gold gram calculator located below. You can also click on the gold gram and kilogram weight icons to increment each value by one. The gold price per gram calculator will automatically ...Quartz. •••. Gold is most often found in quartz rock. When quartz is found in gold bearings areas, it is possible that gold will be found as well. Quartz may be found as small stones in river beds or in large seams in hillsides. The white color of quartz makes it easy to spot in many environments.Gold futures vs. forwards. Trades equivalent of 27 million ounces/day - 30x SPDR Gold ETF at 0.8 million ounces/day. With GC futures, pay no management fees vs. an ETF that charges a fee on your position every day it’s held. Nearly 24-hour access enables you to act, not wait, as major events (Brexit, U.S. elections) unfold.Perform a simple test of the material in the pan to assess whether it is real gold. Raw gold appears brassy yellow and bright. If you think it is gold, place your hand between it and the sun to create shade over the gold. If it still appears bright in the pan, chances are that it is real gold. Fool's gold does not appear as bright when shaded.Melting gold normally requires temperatures upwards of 1,064° C (1,947° F), but physics is never quite that simple. A team of researchers has now found a way to melt gold at room temperature ...Gold, like iron, copper, lead and tin is a metal. Gold is the only yellow metal and is chemically very stable. It does not readily combine with other substances and, therefore, does not corrode or tarnish. Because of this property, it is almost always found in nature as pure gold. This is referred to as 'native gold'.Recent News Aug. 20, 2023, 9:36 PM ET (CNBC) Gold loiters near 5-month low as traders hunt for more Fed cues panning gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic table of the elements. Gold has several qualities that have made it exceptionally valuable throughout history.The Kitco Gold Index has one purpose, that is to determine whether the value of gold is actual, a reflection of changes in the US Dollar value, or a combination of both. The U.S. Dollar Index® represents the value of the US Dollar in terms of a basket of six major foreign currencies: Euro (57.6%), Japanese Yen (13.6%), UK Pound (11.9% ...Gold has been used as money for exchange, as a store of value, as valuable jewelry, and as other artifacts. Gold’s value is ultimately a social construction; we all agree it always has been ...For a straight answer, the melting point of gold is 1,948 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,064 degrees Celsius. That’s hot enough to burn through car engines, the Earth’s crust, and many other metals. But how do you achieve the melting point of gold if you’re looking to make a brand-new ring, bar, or coin?Play together with Gold starting at $9.99/month. Subscription continues automatically at regular price unless cancelled through your Microsoft Account. See terms*. Xbox Live Gold becomes Xbox Game Pass Core on September 14, 2023. Sign up for Live Gold now and you’ll have access to Game Pass Core as soon as it arrives.Scientifically speaking, gold is chemically inert, meaning it won't break down during digestion. "Most likely edible gold won't be absorbed from the digestive system into the bloodstream, and ...Gold, the most sought-after metal on Earth, has a fascinating origin story that begins in the stars and is reflected in every bit of shiny jewelry or coins. From its formation through nuclear ...Gold Prices Today - Live Chart. Dow to Silver Ratio. Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart. Gold Prices vs Oil Prices. Gold Prices and U.S Dollar Correlation. Gold Price - Last 10 Years. Dow to Gold Ratio. Gold to Oil Ratio. S&P 500 to Gold Ratio.The metal corrosion rate through pores in the gold is often accelerated relative to the rate in the absence of a gold layer. This is a galvanic effect caused by the noble (cathodic) gold layer in contact with an active (anodic) substrate. Two common substrate metals are copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). Under atmospheric conditions, copper and ...Early Gold Finds and Production. Gold was produced in the southern Appalachian region as early as 1792 and perhaps as early as 1775 in southern California. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50, and hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered.Scientifically speaking, gold is chemically inert, meaning it won't break down during digestion. "Most likely edible gold won't be absorbed from the digestive system into the bloodstream, and ...As the price of gold goes up, miners' higher profit margins can boost earnings exponentially. Suppose a mining company has a profit margin of $200 when the price of gold is $1,000. If the price ...Recent News Aug. 20, 2023, 9:36 PM ET (CNBC) Gold loiters near 5-month low as traders hunt for more Fed cues panning gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic table of the elements. Gold has several qualities that have made it exceptionally valuable throughout history.Is U.S. currency still backed by gold? Federal Reserve notes are not redeemable in gold, silver, or any other commodity. Federal Reserve notes have not been redeemable in gold since January 30, 1934, when the Congress amended Section 16 of the Federal Reserve Act to read: "The said [Federal Reserve] notes shall be obligations of the United States….They shall be redeemed in lawful money on ...Gold does not yield any interest income; in fact, it costs money to hold the yellow metal, with storage and insurance being among the costs of holding gold.Gold can be colored by creating surface oxide layers. Because gold does not oxidize in its pure form, base metals have to be added to create blue, brown, and black gold. The "Hearts" collection, in blue gold, is by Ludwig Muller of Switzerland. Crosses of black gold may be colored in different ways, as shown above.How does gold depreciate compared to stocks, fiat money, and other precious metals? Current figures show it doesn’t depreciate at all but rather outperforms other investments by a wide margin. Pricing data from 2000 to 2020 shows a nearly 531% gain in the price of gold.Gold, the most sought-after metal on Earth, has a fascinating origin story that begins in the stars and is reflected in every bit of shiny jewelry or coins. From its formation through nuclear ...Scientifically speaking, gold is chemically inert, meaning it won't break down during digestion. "Most likely edible gold won't be absorbed from the digestive system into the bloodstream, and ...The number of karats represents the ratio of gold to other metals in an alloy. Pure gold is 24K gold, so one karat is one part of 24. This means that 18K gold is 18 parts pure gold and 6 parts other metals. And therefore, it is 75% gold and 25% other metals. This sounds simple enough, but it can get pretty confusing when different countries ...Edible gold leaf is a gold product that can be used to decorate food. Gold is considered "biologically inert," meaning it passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. It is mostly used in desserts and candy making and is available in sheets and as flakes. It is one of the world's priciest foods, but considering it is real gold ...For a straight answer, the melting point of gold is 1,948 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,064 degrees Celsius. That’s hot enough to burn through car engines, the Earth’s crust, and many other metals. But how do you achieve the melting point of gold if you’re looking to make a brand-new ring, bar, or coin?Gold plating is a process where a thin layer of gold is bonded onto a base metal. Plating is quite common in the jewelry world, with gold and rhodium being two popular types. This process was invented by an Italian chemist, Luigi Brugnatelli in 1805, the first person to plate a thin coat of gold onto silver.Properties, occurrences, and uses Gold is one of the densest of all metals. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is also soft and the most malleable and ductile of the elements; an ounce (31.1 grams; gold is weighed in troy ounces) can be beaten out to 187 square feet (about 17 square metres) in extremely thin sheets called gold leaf.Chiaradia observed that less than 1% of the gold is captured in the ores in the deep copper-rich deposits. On the other hand, in deposits located at a depth of up to 3 km, the rate climbs to 5% ...Gold does tarnish and scratch over time. To preserve the luster of your gold jewelry, avoid exposure to household bleach and other cleaning products, which will quickly cause gold to discolor and possibly disintegrate. We recommend that you store your gold jewelry in a safe place when engaging in these activities:Recent News Aug. 20, 2023, 9:36 PM ET (CNBC) Gold loiters near 5-month low as traders hunt for more Fed cues panning gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic table of the elements. Gold has several qualities that have made it exceptionally valuable throughout history.The native elements contain the most gold, followed by the sulfide minerals. Several gold tellurides are known, but no gold selenides have been reported, and only one sulfide, the telluride-sulfide mineral nagyagite, ii:; known. The nonmetallic minerals carry the least gold, and the light-colored minerals generally contain less goldWith gold futures, you commit to buy or sell gold in the future at a specified price. Under a gold options contract, you have an agreement with the option to buy or sell gold if it reaches a ...According to Statista data, gold returned an average of 7.78% per year since 1971. Physical gold storage and insurance fees for small investors are usually higher than 0.4% per year. Therefore ...Quartz. •••. Gold is most often found in quartz rock. When quartz is found in gold bearings areas, it is possible that gold will be found as well. Quartz may be found as small stones in river beds or in large seams in hillsides. The white color of quartz makes it easy to spot in many environments.Gold can be colored by creating surface oxide layers. Because gold does not oxidize in its pure form, base metals have to be added to create blue, brown, and black gold. The "Hearts" collection, in blue gold, is by Ludwig Muller of Switzerland. Crosses of black gold may be colored in different ways, as shown above.Placer Gold. Placer gold is formed from already existing lode and intrusive gold deposits. Placer gold is caused by the eroding effect of water upon rock. Rain and the flow of rivers against them will erode rock walls releasing the minerals contained within. These minerals including gold will flow downhill entering into rivers and streams.All of the gold formed in the stars sank to the Earth’s core. Eventually, asteroids struck the Earth, causing gold to surface to the mantle and crust. Had this not happened, there wouldn’t be any gold readily available for humans. You can find gold today in rock ores and on almost all the continents. Since gold is dense, the majority of it ...Similarly, gold yielded a negative 7.6% return from 1988 to 1991, a period when inflation was about 4.6%. However, investors won big from 1973 to 1979, when the annual inflation rate averaged 8.8% ...Sep 5, 2023 · Gold price quotes in ounce, gram, kilo, pennyweight, tola and tael in US Dollars. Gold charts, Gold fixes, Gold performance and ratios. Gold price guide. Gold Comes From Outer Space. Gold, the shiny yellow metal prized for its beauty and malleability and used in many different industries, is actually created inside massive stars when they explode into a supernova. Of course, after a star supernovas and forms gold, the precious metal has to travel to Earth in some way.Early Gold Finds and Production. Gold was produced in the southern Appalachian region as early as 1792 and perhaps as early as 1775 in southern California. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50, and hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered.To learn about our gold price data. On this page you can view the current price of gold per ounce, gram or kilo. Gold is usually quoted by the ounce in U.S. Dollars. The gold price can, however, be quoted in any currency by the ounce, gram or kilo. Native gold is an element and a mineral. It is highly prized by people because of its attractive color, its rarity, resistance to tarnish, and its many special properties - some of which are unique to gold. No other element has more uses than gold. All of these factors help support a price of gold that is higher than all but a few other metals.For a straight answer, the melting point of gold is 1,948 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,064 degrees Celsius. That’s hot enough to burn through car engines, the Earth’s crust, and many other metals. But how do you achieve the melting point of gold if you’re looking to make a brand-new ring, bar, or coin?Early Gold Finds and Production. Gold was produced in the southern Appalachian region as early as 1792 and perhaps as early as 1775 in southern California. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50, and hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered.For a straight answer, the melting point of gold is 1,948 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,064 degrees Celsius. That’s hot enough to burn through car engines, the Earth’s crust, and many other metals. But how do you achieve the melting point of gold if you’re looking to make a brand-new ring, bar, or coin?Early Gold Finds and Production. Gold was produced in the southern Appalachian region as early as 1792 and perhaps as early as 1775 in southern California. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50, and hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered.Properties, occurrences, and uses Gold is one of the densest of all metals. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is also soft and the most malleable and ductile of the elements; an ounce (31.1 grams; gold is weighed in troy ounces) can be beaten out to 187 square feet (about 17 square metres) in extremely thin sheets called gold leaf.Properly store your gold plated jewelry to prevent it from excessive exposure to light, moisture, and other substances. Put them in a plastic bag or a dark jewelry box with silica packets to absorb any air and moisture present. When storing it in a plastic bag, make sure you squeeze out all the excess air and seal it immediately.Sep 5, 2023 · Gold price quotes in ounce, gram, kilo, pennyweight, tola and tael in US Dollars. Gold charts, Gold fixes, Gold performance and ratios. Gold price guide. Gold has been used as money for exchange, as a store of value, as valuable jewelry, and as other artifacts. Gold’s value is ultimately a social construction; we all agree it always has been ...Scientifically speaking, gold is chemically inert, meaning it won't break down during digestion. "Most likely edible gold won't be absorbed from the digestive system into the bloodstream, and ...Abstract. Gold is ubiquitous in the human environment and most people are in contact with it through wearing jewelry, dental devices, implants or therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Gold is not a nutrient but people are exposed to it as a food colorant and in food chains. The present review discusses the hazards faced in personal and domestic ...The late origin of the geological formation of Palestine and Syria precludes the possibility of gold being found in any quantities (see METALS), so that the large quantities of gold used by the children of Israel in constructing their holy places was not the product of mines in the country, but was from the spoil taken from the inhabitants of ...Gold has been used as money for exchange, as a store of value, as valuable jewelry, and as other artifacts. Gold’s value is ultimately a social construction; we all agree it always has been ...Conversion : 1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams. On this page you can view the current price of gold per ounce, gram or kilo. Gold is usually quoted by the ounce in U.S. Dollars. The gold price can, however, be quoted in any currency by the ounce, gram or kilo.According to Statista data, gold returned an average of 7.78% per year since 1971. Physical gold storage and insurance fees for small investors are usually higher than 0.4% per year. Therefore ...2023 Gold Price Prediction. My forecast for the gold price in 2023 is based on the likely trajectory of inflation, recession, interest rates, stock markets, U.S. dollar, central bank demand, QE, and technical indicators. As a result, I expect the gold price to be higher in 2023. Here are my predictions.Conversion : 1 gram = 0.0321507466 troy ounces. Displaying 1 - 47 of 47. 1 Day Gold Price per Gram in US Dollars. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Our Euros. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Arab Emirates Dirham. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Argentinian Pesos. 1 Day gold Price per Gram in Australian Dollars.A ring made of 14k gold is 58.3% pure gold mixed with 41.7% of a more durable metal alloy – usually a mix of zinc, nickel, silver, and copper, with a plating like rhodium. Pure gold is 24k. Without additional alloys, pure gold is soft and easily damaged. It is also heavy and expensive.2023 Gold Price Prediction. My forecast for the gold price in 2023 is based on the likely trajectory of inflation, recession, interest rates, stock markets, U.S. dollar, central bank demand, QE, and technical indicators. As a result, I expect the gold price to be higher in 2023. Here are my predictions.Gold’s Gym Paid in Full 1 Year. This is another annual membership, but with this plan, there is no enrollment fee and you have to pay in full. The plan costs a one-time fee of $499 (not including taxes) and includes the same benefits as the EFT plan above.Gold has a profound impact on the value of world currencies. Even though the gold standard has been abandoned, gold as a commodity can act as a substitute for fiat currencies and be used as an ...Gold in its natural mineral form almost always has traces of silver, and may also contain traces of copper and iron. A Gold nugget is usually 70 to 95 percent gold, and the remainder mostly silver. The color of pure Gold is bright golden yellow, but the greater the silver content, the whiter its color is. Much of the gold mined is actually from ...The price of gold has rocketed during the pandemic, but mining it is getting more difficult. Chris Baraniuk reports on challenges and controversy at one of the UK’s biggest planned mines.Native gold is an element and a mineral. It is highly prized by people because of its attractive color, its rarity, resistance to tarnish, and its many special properties - some of which are unique to gold. No other element has more uses than gold. All of these factors help support a price of gold that is higher than all but a few other metals.
According to Statista data, gold returned an average of 7.78% per year since 1971. Physical gold storage and insurance fees for small investors are usually higher than 0.4% per year. Therefore .... Brown nosing
Free Gold Price Widget For Your Website. Share live gold prices with your website followers or on your blog, using our free gold price widget. To get started, please select one of the size dimensions from the drop-down menu below, and copy the code from the Widget Code text box and paste it into the desired position in your page.As the price of gold goes up, miners' higher profit margins can boost earnings exponentially. Suppose a mining company has a profit margin of $200 when the price of gold is $1,000. If the price ...The late origin of the geological formation of Palestine and Syria precludes the possibility of gold being found in any quantities (see METALS), so that the large quantities of gold used by the children of Israel in constructing their holy places was not the product of mines in the country, but was from the spoil taken from the inhabitants of ...The number of karats represents the ratio of gold to other metals in an alloy. Pure gold is 24K gold, so one karat is one part of 24. This means that 18K gold is 18 parts pure gold and 6 parts other metals. And therefore, it is 75% gold and 25% other metals. This sounds simple enough, but it can get pretty confusing when different countries ...Jewelry can be cleaned with a “soft, non-abrasive, and lint-free cloth or chamois to keep the shine,” Hordern continues. Start by gently rubbing the surface of the gold-plated jewelry and clean or spot treat as needed. Amber Glassman, CEO and co-founder of Bryan Anthonys, echoes this lint-free cloth tip: “Do not use a polishing cloth, as ...2023 Gold Price Prediction. My forecast for the gold price in 2023 is based on the likely trajectory of inflation, recession, interest rates, stock markets, U.S. dollar, central bank demand, QE, and technical indicators. As a result, I expect the gold price to be higher in 2023. Here are my predictions.Gold’s Gym Paid in Full 1 Year. This is another annual membership, but with this plan, there is no enrollment fee and you have to pay in full. The plan costs a one-time fee of $499 (not including taxes) and includes the same benefits as the EFT plan above.All of the gold formed in the stars sank to the Earth’s core. Eventually, asteroids struck the Earth, causing gold to surface to the mantle and crust. Had this not happened, there wouldn’t be any gold readily available for humans. You can find gold today in rock ores and on almost all the continents. Since gold is dense, the majority of it ...Key Takeaways. Several ways exist to invest in gold: buying the metal itself, buying gold funds, or buying gold options. Investing in gold bullion for individuals takes the form of gold bars or ...Gold’s Gym Paid in Full 1 Year. This is another annual membership, but with this plan, there is no enrollment fee and you have to pay in full. The plan costs a one-time fee of $499 (not including taxes) and includes the same benefits as the EFT plan above.With gold futures, you commit to buy or sell gold in the future at a specified price. Under a gold options contract, you have an agreement with the option to buy or sell gold if it reaches a ...To learn about our gold price data. On this page you can view the current price of gold per ounce, gram or kilo. Gold is usually quoted by the ounce in U.S. Dollars. The gold price can, however, be quoted in any currency by the ounce, gram or kilo. How does gold depreciate compared to stocks, fiat money, and other precious metals? Current figures show it doesn’t depreciate at all but rather outperforms other investments by a wide margin. Pricing data from 2000 to 2020 shows a nearly 531% gain in the price of gold.May 6, 2019 · Gold sank to the Earth's core during the planet's formation. It's only accessible today because of asteroid bombardment. Theoretically, it's possible to form gold by the nuclear processes of fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. It's easiest for scientists to transmute gold by bombarding the heavier element mercury and producing gold via decay. Gold futures vs. forwards. Trades equivalent of 27 million ounces/day - 30x SPDR Gold ETF at 0.8 million ounces/day. With GC futures, pay no management fees vs. an ETF that charges a fee on your position every day it’s held. Nearly 24-hour access enables you to act, not wait, as major events (Brexit, U.S. elections) unfold.To ascertain the investment merits of gold, let’s check its performance against that of the S&P 500 Index for the past year (January 2022 to January 2023), an example of a time when gold ...Gold plating is a process where a thin layer of gold is bonded onto a base metal. Plating is quite common in the jewelry world, with gold and rhodium being two popular types. This process was invented by an Italian chemist, Luigi Brugnatelli in 1805, the first person to plate a thin coat of gold onto silver.Gold is available everywhere, but that does not mean you can find gold on the street while you’re on your way to work. Gold’s highest concentration can be found in Witwatersrand, South Africa where almost half of the world’s gold supply is mined. More than 10% of gold that is mined is held or owned by Indian women..